8 minute read

This tutorial assumes the reader is familiar with C macros, C pointers, and basic data-structures.

Let’s face it, The C Language is not friendly towards generic programming, but we can use a few tricks:

You can always try both of the approaches and see which one is more suitable for your particular case .

Also note that there are already generic C libraries available (see GLib).

An existing github project contains all the code from this article, to clone it:

gh repo clone nomemory/blog-generic-data-structures-in-c

Hacking with the #preprocessor

To understand the magic (not really) behind this approach you will need to be familiar with C macros and the associated concepts: function-like macros, macro arguments, stringification and concatenation. You can find a very nice tutorial on macros here. If you already know this, you can skip the following paragraphs (or you can read them to refresh your memory / find errors and correct me).

What is a macro ?

A macro is a piece of code that was labeled with a name. Whenever the preprocessor encounters it, the label is replaced by the associated code. Basically there are two kinds of macros : object-like macros (resemble data objects when used) and function-like macros (resemble function calls).

Example for object-like macros:

#include <stdio.h> 

// Macro bellow !
#define HELLO "Hello World Macro!"

int main(){
	printf(HELLO);
	return 0;
}

In the above example the label is HELLO, and the associated data is "Hello World Macro!".

Before the compile-time the preprocessor will replace the label with the associated code. If we compile and run the above code the output will be:

Hello World Macro!

Example for function-like macros:

#include <stdio.h>

#define MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b)) ? (a) : (b)

int main(){
	printf("%dn", MAX(1,3));
	return 0;
}

In the case above MAX works exactly as a function that receives two arguments a, b and returns the maximum of the two .

Note that the arguments are generic and appear to be typeless, the preprocessor is not performing any validation on types (that’s the compiler job) - but bear in mind this an advantage is also a disadvantage.

If we want to expand the above macro (seeing with the eyes of the compiler) you can use the -E switch with gcc.

After the macro is expanded, the sample code above becomes:

int main(){
	printf("%dn", ((1) > (3)) ? (1) : (3));
	return 0;
}

Note that the notion of macro will be unknown for the compiler, as the code has been already replaced: ((1) > (3)) ? (1) : (3)

Now let’s focus on a more important aspect: macro concatenation.

How do we proceed when we want to merge two tokens into one while expanding macros ? The ## preprocessing operator performs token pasting .

Example for macro-concatenation:

#include <stdio.h> 

#define SHOW(type, msg) show_##type(msg)

void show_error(char *);
void show_info(char *);

void show_error(char *message) {
    fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: %s", message);
}

void show_info(char *message){
    fprintf(stdout, "INFO: %s", message);
}

int main(){
    SHOW(error, "An errorn");
    SHOW(info, "Some messagen");
    return (0);
}

Output:

ERROR: An error
INFO: Some message

As you can see we supplied the token arguments (not strings!) error / info to the SHOW macro.

The tokens were concatenated with show_?, and the resulting two tokens were actually two real functions: show_error and show_info .

Now lets jump into writing our generic<> Stack data structure:

Declaring the (Stack) data structure, and the associated functions (pop() and push()):

#define STACK_DECLARE(type)                                     \
typedef struct stack_##type##_s {                               \
    type data;                                                  \
    struct stack_##type##_s *next;                              \
} stack_##type;                                                 \
void stack_##type##_push(stack_##type **stack, type data);      \
type stack_##type##_pop(stack_##type **stack);                  \

Depending on the type supplied as the argument, different code will be generated. A macro can be associated with blocks of code, we just need to use \ to signal a multi-line macro.

#define STACK_DEFINE(type)                                      \
void stack_##type##_push(stack_##type **stack, type data) {     \
    stack_##type *new_node = malloc(sizeof(*new_node));         \
    if (NULL == new_node) {                                     \
        fputs("Couldn't allocate memoryn", stderr);             \
        abort();                                                \
    }                                                           \
    new_node->data = data;                                      \
    new_node->next = *stack;                                    \
    *stack = new_node;                                          \
}                                                               \
type stack_##type##_pop(stack_##type **stack) {                 \
    if (NULL == stack || NULL == *stack){                       \
        fputs("Stack underflow", stderr);                       \
        abort();                                                \
    }                                                           \
    stack_##type *top = *stack;                                 \
    type value = top->data;                                     \
    *stack = top->next;                                         \
    free(top);                                                  \
    return value;                                               \
}                                                               \

Defining the STACK functions (push() and pop()) declared in the previous step:

#define STACK_DEFINE(type)                                      \
void stack_##type##_push(stack_##type **stack, type data) {     \
    stack_##type *new_node = malloc(sizeof(*new_node));         \
    if (NULL == new_node) {                                     \
        fputs("Couldn't allocate memoryn", stderr);             \
        abort();                                                \
    }                                                           \
    new_node->data = data;                                      \
    new_node->next = *stack;                                    \
    *stack = new_node;                                          \
}                                                               \
type stack_##type##_pop(stack_##type **stack) {                 \                  
    if (NULL == stack || NULL == *stack){                       \
        fputs("Stack underflow", stderr);                       \    
        abort();                                                \                                                    
    }                                                           \    
    stack_##type *top = *stack;                                 \
    type value = top->data;                                     \    
    *stack = top->next;                                         \
    free(top);                                                  \
    return value;                                               \    
}                                                               \

Expanding the macro:

/* Expansion if int is supplied as the macro argument */
void stack_int_push(stack_int **stack, int data) {
    stack_int *new_node = malloc(sizeof(*new_node));
    if (NULL == new_node) {
        fputs("Couldn't allocate memoryn", stderr);
        abort();
    }
    new_node->data = data;
    new_node->next = *stack;
    *stack = new_node;
}
int stack_int_pop(stack_int **stack) {
    if (NULL == stack || NULL == *stack) {
        fputs("Stack underflow.n", stderr);
        abort();
    }
    stack_int *top = *stack;
    int value = top->data;
    *stack = top->next;
    free(top);
    return value;
}

Wrapping the generic functions into macros

#define STACK_TYPE(type)                    \
    stack_##type                            \

#define STACK_DATA(stack)                   \
    (stack)->data                           \

#define STACK_PUSH(type, stack, data)       \
    stack_##type##_push(stack, data)        \

#define STACK_POP(type, stack)              \
    stack_##type##_pop(stack)               \

Putting all together

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define STACK_DECLARE(type)                                     \
typedef struct stack_##type##_s {                               \
    type data;                                                  \
    struct stack_##type##_s *next;                              \
} stack_##type;                                                 \
void stack_##type##_push(stack_##type **stack, type data);      \
type stack_##type##_pop(stack_##type **stack);                  \

#define STACK_DEFINE(type)                                      \
void stack_##type##_push(stack_##type **stack, type data) {     \
    stack_##type *new_node = malloc(sizeof(*new_node));         \
    if (NULL == new_node) {                                     \
        fputs("Couldn't allocate memoryn", stderr);             \
        abort();                                                \
    }                                                           \
    new_node->data = data;                                      \
    new_node->next = *stack;                                    \
    *stack = new_node;                                          \
}                                                               \
type stack_##type##_pop(stack_##type **stack) {                 \
    if (NULL == stack || NULL == *stack){                       \
        fputs("Stack underflow", stderr);                       \
        abort();                                                \
    }                                                           \
    stack_##type *top = *stack;                                 \
    type value = top->data;                                     \
    *stack = top->next;                                         \
    free(top);                                                  \
    return value;                                               \
}                                                               \

#define STACK_TYPE(type)                    \
    stack_##type                            \

#define STACK_DATA(stack)                   \
    (stack)->data                           \

#define STACK_PUSH(type, stack, data)       \
    stack_##type##_push(stack, data)        \

#define STACK_POP(type, stack)              \
    stack_##type##_pop(stack)               \


//
// If you want to work with a stack that holds integers you should
// use those macros. They will expand and the associated functions will be
// generated .
//

STACK_DECLARE(int)
STACK_DEFINE(int)
STACK_DECLARE(double)
STACK_DEFINE(double)

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    int i;

    //New stack . Alaways assign NULL
    STACK_TYPE(int) *st = NULL;
    STACK_TYPE(double) *st2 = NULL;

    for (i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
        printf("PUSH: %d\n", i);
        STACK_PUSH(int, &st, i);
        STACK_PUSH(double, &st2, i);
    }

    while (i--> 0) {
        printf("POP: %d %2.2f\n", STACK_POP(int, &st), STACK_POP(double, &st2));
    }
    return (0);
}

Note: The type argument cannot contain * or spaces. For example, STACK_DECLARE(char*) won’t work, a typedef should be used instead.

Using the void pointer (void*)

Typecasting is one of the powerful features of C, and it represents the ability to convert between different type variables.

Not let’s focus on pointers: there are pointers of type int*, char*, or float*, however there’s a certain pointer that does not have a type known as the void pointer. Any type of pointer can be cast to a void pointer, and conversely, any void pointer can be cast to a pointer of a type .

Generic data, can be referenced using *void.

typedef struct stack_s {
    void *data; // Can reference "anything" 
    struct stack_s *next; // The stack is built as a linked list
} stack;

The next step would be now to declare & define the functions involved in the stack manipulation: push() and pop(). Their signatures could look like this:

void stack_push(stack **head, void *data);
void *stack_pop(stack **head);
void stack_push(stack **head, void *data) {
    stack *new_node = malloc(sizeof(*new_node));
    if (NULL == new_node) {
        fputs("Couldn't allocate memory\n", stderr);
        abort();
    }
    new_node->data = data;
    new_node->next = *head;
    *head = new_node;
}

void *stack_pop(stack **head) {
    stack *top;
    void *value;
    if (NULL == head || NULL == *head) {
        fputs("Stack underflow\n", stderr);
        abort();
    }
    top = *head;
    value = top->data;
    *head = top->next;
    free(top);
    return value;
}

Main method:

int main() {
    stack *s = NULL;
    int i, *tmp; 
    
    /* Add values from [1..100] into the stack */
    printf("Pushing: \n");
    
    for (i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
        tmp = malloc(sizeof (*tmp));
        if (NULL == tmp) {
            fputs("Couldn't allocate memory \n", stderr);
            abort();
        }
        *tmp = i;
        printf("%d ", *tmp);
        stack_push(&s, tmp);
    }
    
    // Remove all elements of the stack
    
    printf("\nPopping: \n");
    while(i-->0){
        tmp = stack_pop(&s);
        printf("%d \n", *tmp);
        free(tmp);
    }
    
    return (0);
}

Putting all together:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

typedef struct stack_s {
    void *data; // Can reference "anything"
    struct stack_s *next; // The stack is built as a linked list
} stack;

void stack_push(stack **head, void *data);
void *stack_pop(stack **head);

void stack_push(stack **head, void *data) {
    stack *new_node = malloc(sizeof(*new_node));
    if (NULL == new_node) {
        fputs("Couldn't allocate memoryn", stderr);
        abort();
    }
    new_node->data = data;
    new_node->next = *head;
    *head = new_node;
}

void *stack_pop(stack **head) {
    stack *top;
    void *value;
    if (NULL == head || NULL == *head) {
        fputs("Stack underflow\n", stderr);
        abort();
    }
    top = *head;
    value = top->data;
    *head = top->next;
    free(top);
    return value;
}

int main() {
    stack *s = NULL;
    int i, *tmp;

    /* Add values from [1..100] into the stack */
    printf("Pushing: \n");

    for (i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
        tmp = malloc(sizeof (*tmp));
        if (NULL == tmp) {
            fputs("Couldn't allocate memory\n", stderr);
            abort();
        }
        *tmp = i;
        printf("%d ", *tmp);
        stack_push(&s, tmp);
    }

    // Remove all elements of the stack

    printf("\nPopping: n");
    while(i-->0){
        tmp = stack_pop(&s);
        printf("%d ", *tmp);
        free(tmp);
    }

    return (0);
}

Updated:

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